Recent advances in fMRI neurofeedback

Kazuhisa Shibata

Riken Center for Brain Science

This article will review recent progress in neurofeedback methods using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）.　Decoded neurofeedback （DecNef）, which is based on an integration of fMRI neurofeedback and machine learning methods, enables induction of a specific activation pattern in a target brain region.　Functional connectivity neurofeedback （FCNef） allows researchers to manipulate functional connectivity among target brain regions.　Recent findings based on magnetic resonance spectroscopy （MRS） indicate the possibility that further technical developments will eventually lead to neurofeedback methods that change the concentrations of the neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA, in a brain area.

Address correspondence to Dr. Kazuhisa Shibata, Riken Center for Brain Science（2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan）